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This dichotomy between background dependent and independent theories is sometimes traced back as far as the antagonism between Newton and Leibniz about absolute vs. relational space. Most physicists would claim that the choice of approach is merely philosophical so far as no different falsifiable claims follow, not unlike the question of interpretations of quantum mechanics. However, two philosophers of science, Imre Lakatos and Elie Zahar, have argued that research programs can be driven by metaphysical questions and so adopting the view of background independence may lead to different results.
This is not a suggestion that spacetime is uniform, merely that the fundamental rules governing the measurable characteristics of the physical universe are the same everywhere, at all times.
One of the major shortcomings of loop quantum gravity is that, as of 2009, it has not been shown that the theory in fact reduces to Einstein's general relativity in the continuum limit. Since GR equations were used initially to construct the theory, many researchers assume that they can be recovered, but this has neither been explicitly proved nor disproved. In addition, incorporating matter into the theory is an ongoing problem.
Assume pure gravity first. Say we have two coordinate systems, x-coordinates and y-coordinates. General covariance demands the equations of motion have the same form in both coordinate systems, that is, we have exactly the same differential equation to solve in both coordinate systems, except in one the independent variable is x and in the other it is y. Once we find a metric function gab(x) that solves the EOM in the x-coordinates we immediately know (by exactly the same reasoning as above!) that the same function written as a function of y solves the EOM in the y-coordinates. As both metric functions have the same functional form but belong to different coordinate systems, they impose different spacetime geometries. Thus we have generated a second distinct solution!
Although the physics of string theory can in principle be background-independent, perturbative formulations of this theory do not make this independence manifest because they require starting with a particular solution and performing a perturbative expansion about this background. Non-perturbative formulations such as matrix theory and AdS/CFT resolve that issue and are fully background independent.

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From Tara it was borrowed (or taken) around the year 600 AD to Scotland where it soon found a place of honour in Scone – and, once there, Scottish Kings were crowned upon it. In 1296, Edward the First conquered Scotland – and his greatest prize was the Stone of Scone – Jacob's Pillow! A coronation throne was constructed to accommodate the stone (the British Monarch wouldn’t deign to actually sit on a rock itself). Jacob's Pillow stayed in England for the next six hundred and fifty-plus years.
Lots of ideas for Rare Dreams are flying around between us and Sonum is already working on some music and songs. In this project you can expect to be amazingly stretched as a singer, actor, dancer, musician, writer or poet. And the way we work creates an atmosphere of trust and safety as well as fun and joy. It's an incredible adventure for us all and we are looking forward to it already."
Goblin Market - adapted by Kath Burlinson from the poem by Christina Rosetti composed by Conor Mitchell The Edinburgh Festival run of Goblin Market finished on 28 August 2005 after a 21 performance run lasting over a month. The production received many 4 and 5 star reviews and was seen by over 2,500 people.
Quantum 3 - directed by Jaki McCarrick Working around a prepared libretto, the team that brought 'Fridge', a hilarious and zany musical piece, to the parting shots of the National Student Drama Festival in April, workshop and stage their brand new work. Belfast participants will be involved in the theatre making process from start to finish. There will be skills enhancement in song writing, lyric writing, musical theatre performance, choreography and movement, and in drama (Stanislavski based, scene-work and improvisation). It promises to be a rigorous, exciting week.
No Stone Unturned - book and lyrics by Dave Hudson composed by Denise Wright The story of Jacob's Pillow is a legend that extends back to biblical times. The stone is reputed to have originated in the desert with Jacob himself, travelled o Jerusalem, from there to Spain and eventually Ireland at the legendary Tara where kings who were crowned upon it were said to be assured of longer lives.

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The bikini has spawned many stylistic variations. A regular bikini is defined as a two pieces of garments that cover the groin and buttocks at the lower end and the breasts in the upper end. Some bikinis can offer a large amount of coverage, while other bikinis provide only the barest minimum. Topless variants may still be considered bikinis, although technically no longer two-piece swimsuits. Along with a variation in designs, the term bikini was followed by an often hilarious lexicon including the monokini (top part missing), seekini (transparent bikini), tankini (tank top, bikini bottom), camikini (camisole top and bikini bottom) and hikini. Since fashions of different centuries exist beside one another in early 21st century, though it is possible to imagine a woman combining a bikini and a 1910 bathing costume.
While two-piece bathing suits had been worn on the beach before, the modern bikini was invented by French engineer Louis Réard in 1946. He named it after Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, the site of the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests in July that year.
Skimpy bikinis have been a major component of marketing women's sports, raising some objections. In 2007, fans voted for contestants in the WWE Diva contest after watching them playing beach volleyball in skimpy bikinis. In the 2004 and 2008 Olympic Games, inclusion of bikini-clad athletes raised eyebrows, while a controversy broke out around bikini-clad cheerleaders performing at a beach volleyball match. Bikinis stirred up a controversy at the 2006 Asian Games at Doha, Qatar, and the Iraqi teams refused to wear such clothing. In the 2007 South Pacific Games, players were made to wear shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis. In the West Asian Games 2006, bikini-bottoms were banned for female athletes, who were asked to wear long shorts. String bikinis and other skimpy clothes are also common in surfing, paving the way for some hooliganism in the past. In May 2011, Barcelona, Spain made it illegal to wear bikinis in public except in areas near the beaches. Violators face fines of between 120 and 300 euros.
Finally, the modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis Réard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. Réard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Bergères in Paris. Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel. In May 1946, he advertised the bathing suit, known as the "Atome," as the world's "smallest bathing suit". Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name from the Bikini Atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer. Historians assume Reard termed his swimsuit the "bikini" because he believed its revealing style would create reactions among people similar to those created by America’s atomic bomb in Japan just one summer earlier. Réard sliced the top off the bottoms and advertised it as "smaller than the smallest swimsuit". Réard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris. That bikini, a string bikini with a g-string back of 30 square inches (194 cm2) of cloth with newspaper type printed across, was introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris. Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but clothing was given its name by Réard.
Often the women in athletics also wear bikinis, not much larger than in beach volleyball. Amy Acuff, a US high-jumper, wore a black leather bikini instead of a track suit, at Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. Runner Florence Griffith-Joyner mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged tights in Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics, which earned her more attention than her record breaking in Women's 200 meters. Towns like Porto Seguro in Brazil has become an attraction for beach athletics in bikini for the tourists.

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